Symmetries

The symmetries of Outer space

Martin R. Bridson and Karen Vogtmann

Duke Mathematical Journa 106 (2001), no. 2, 391--409.

For n>2, the natural map Out(F_n) → Aut(K_n) from the outer automorphism group of the free group of rank n to the group of simplicial automorphisms of the spine of outer space is an isomorphism.

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Figure 6